Canadian Shield Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Canadian Shield - Case Study Example Talking about the individual who is answerable for settling on the key choice concerning the company’s programming, one should make reference to that at the current second Seamus has a lot of intensity around there. On one hand, he is the leader of the IS division; in this way, it is his call with regards to execution of new IT arrangements. Then again, he has been centered around building up the in-house ISS that he is encountering issues with. At the end of the day, at the current second he is the master on the new programming that is being created. Moreover, he has been directing exploration on industrially accessible programming and found that there is programming out there that can be contrasted and the framework that he has been chipping away at. This implies he had the option to gather a great deal of information about the current circumstance, and he has settled on a sensible choice. In any case, it is very reasonable that such a significant choice can barely be put on the shoulders of a solitary individual. In this manner, the top managerial staff should decide in regards to the choice to proceed onward with the custom programming or change to frameworks which were created by different organizations. In fact, this is a fairly significant change that is probably going to influence various individuals and there may be circumstances where its impact won't be sure. That is the reason the directorate ought to gauge all the potential outcomes and pick the variation that suits the organization best both for the time being and the drawn out point of view. It is very conceivable that Seamus’s choice can be one-sided.

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott Essay

Outperforming the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott - Essay Example Basically Welsh appears to endeavor to expose the possibility that Scott was even a decent author, not to mention an extraordinary sentimental writer, inside his books. Welsh concedes that Waverly is the model for the cutting edge novel, yet then proceeds to contend the different shortcomings inside Scott's method. He recommends that Scott isn't a pragmatist, as he appears to be unequipped for drawing a practical depiction of life. Nor is he prepared to do any sort of investigation as indicated by Welsh; he contends briefly that Scott never condemns his own general public (Welsh, 1963). Additionally, Scott is certainly not a generally excellent sentimental essayist either as he has no full information on the human heart and his characters are famously dispassionate (Welsh, 1963). By method of demonstrating this, Welsh recommends that Waverly's just enthusiastic second in his short connection to Flora. . . . . the legend is clearly considerably more at home as a peacemaker than as a warrior, and it is interesting to observe Waverly dashing ahead over the front line so as to save Hanoverian officials, and afterward being complimented for his recognized help by the chevalier. As per Welsh, the legend of Waverly is irredeemably latent and therefore unequipped for practically depicting activity and a functioning job inside society. The hoer is gotten inside a seriously moralistic culture which basically smothers him. A genuine legend, as indicated by Welsh, at any rate inside the advanced period, is a man for whom manliness implied restraint under the most difficult conditions (Welsh, 1963). These attributes he sees more inside the separate, internal looking Talbot instead of in the shenanigans of Fergus surging around Scotland performing customarily chivalrous deeds. Some portion of this lack of involvement, as indicated by Welsh, comes from the way that Scott's books regularly rotate around the connection between the individual and the state. In Waverly the legend receives an emphatically Twentieth Century position as he incomprehensibly welcomes and afterward opposes his own capture. He is opposing if unbelievably inactive, in any event in a customarily brave sense. Be that as it may, does this should be an either/or address or would it be able to be both/and Can the legend of Waverly display lack of involvement at one point and activity at another and still be conceivable It would appear that the response to this is a straight out yes. Genuine individuals don't act as per a conventional structure for their character. He isn't either a latent character or a legend. He can be detached and dynamic as per the occasion. A straightforward look at what really happens in Waverly misrepresents the basic divisions that Welsh sets up in his endeavored analysis of the novel. The opening of the novel beginnings with Waverly making genuine move, both as far as his physical developments and in his dynamic. Waverly is raised in the family home of his Uncle, close to London, however is before long given a commission in the Hanoverian armed force and is presented on Dundee, in Scotland. On the off chance that he were simply inactive he would not have taken up this commission in any case. When he shows up in Dundee, Waverly chooses to withdraw so as to meet the Jacobite companion of his Uncle, Baron

Don Quixote Free Essays

Joseph Andrews is Fielding’s first novel. It is an old style case of an artistic work which began as a spoof and finished as a phenomenal gem in its own right. The work Fielding expected to spoof was Richardson’s first novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded which had overwhelmed England in the years following 1740 when it was first distributed. We will compose a custom article test on Wear Quixote or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now In his novel Fielding planned first and foremost to show how Lady Booby (auntie of â€Å"Lord B. † in Richardson’s epic) endeavors the virginity of Joseph Andrews, portrayed as the idealistic Pamela’s sibling yet at long last found to appear as something else. The entire aim was funny. Be that as it may, after Chapter IX Joseph Andrews appears to split away totally from the first expectation. Parson Adams, who has no partner in Pamela, flees with the novel. He â€Å"is one of the most living, adorable, humorous packs of knowledge and straightforwardness in all writing. † In the expressions of Edmund Gosse, â€Å"Parson Abraham Adams, alone, would be a commitment to English letters. † He for sure is the saint of the novel, and not Joseph Andrews. Handling knew about giving another artistic structure with Joseph Andrews which he called â€Å"a comic epic in writing. † Fielding is an extraordinary ace of the specialty of portrayal moreover. Fielding’s expansive human compassion combined with his sharp perception of even the faintest component of bad faith in an individual is his fundamental resource as an ace of portrayal. He giggles and makes us snicker at a large number of his characters, however he is rarely pessimistic or cynical. He is a wonderful comedian, sans perniciousness, sans cruelty. He gives no proof of being angry at the weaknesses of his characters or of holding a lash in status. His comic manifestations look like those of Chaucer and Shakespeare. Parson Trulliber and Falstaff, if they somehow happened to meet, would have promptly perceived one another! Handling is probably the best humorist in English writing. A similar comic soul which penetrates his plays is additionally apparent in his books. As he advises us, the creator upon whom he displayed himself was Cervantes; it isn't unexpected, along these lines, that parody ought to be his strategy. Fielding’s humor is wide in extend. It ascends from the coarsest joke to the astounding statures of the subtlest incongruity. On one side is his spirited portrayal of different battles and, on the other, the troubling incongruity of Jonathan Wild. Higher! than both is that inexpressible, wonderful, and unexpected amusingness that might be found wherever in Tom Jones however is at its best in Joseph Andrews where it plays like summer lightning around the figure of Parson Adams-an English cousin of Don Quixote. Fielding’s very meaning of the novel as â€Å"a comic epic in prose† is demonstrative of the spot of cleverness and parody in his books and, later, those of a significant number of his adherents. It might be called attention to here that Richardson had no comical inclination; he was an unsmiling moralist and sentimentalist. Looking at the two, Coleridge says: â€Å"There is a bright, sunshiny, blustery soul that wins wherever emphatically diverged from the nearby, hot, tfay-fantastic coherence of Richardson. † Fielding’s humor is in some cases of the satiric kind, however he is rarely brutal or exorbitantly negative. Instructions to refer to Don Quixote, Papers

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Frankenstein - Literature Essay Samples

Both Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein tell cautionary tales of scientists abusing their creative powers to exist in another sphere where they cannot be directly blamed for their actions. Though Frankensteins creation is a Creature distinct from his creator while Dr. Jekyll metamorphoses into Mr. Hyde, the double of each protagonist progressively grows more violent throughout his story. By doing so he symbolizes his creators repressed desires in a stifling society.The stories have parallel structures in the three main ways. First, both Dr. Jekyll and Frankenstein are scientists who, though welcomed by society, find it constraining and often alienate themselves. Each creates an alter ego for himself to live out his liberated passions, Hyde for Jekyll and the Creature for Frankenstein. Jekyll creates his with intention for evil and Frankenstein with the idea of building a supreme being. However, it could be argued that Frankenstein unc onsciously wishes his creation to commit acts of sin. Hydes and Frankensteins first victims are children. They each evolve over time and develop their violent tendencies, culminating in the murder of a well-esteemed man for Hyde and Frankensteins family and friends.The first mention of Dr. Jekyll comes in a discussion between his longtime friends, Lanyon and Utterson, men whose names imply a traditional, hampered society. Utterson combines both utter, connoting a squelched speech, with son, defining the societys patriarchal structure, and Lanyon casts images of sprawling canyons that are noticeably absent in the gray, foggy London Stevenson depicts. Lanyon admits he sees little of Jekyll anymore; according to Lanyon, He began to go wrong, wrong in mind; and though of course I continue to take an interest in him for old sakes sake, as they say, I see and have seen devilish little of the man' (12). Jekylls associations with demonic and insane imagery contrasts with the well-polis hed society from which he struggles to extricate himself. His self-imposed isolation is the least harmful manner he uses to show his displeasure with society.Frankenstein similarly isolates himself. Under the guise of protecting his friends and fiancà ©e from the Creature that stalks him, the scientist decides to leave England instead of marrying: My journey had been my own suggestion, and Elizabeth, therefore, acquiesced; but she was filled with disquiet at the idea of my suffering, away from her, the inroads of misery and grief (149). However, Frankenstein cannot muster the same emotion: I remembered only, and it was with a bitter anguish that I reflected on it, to order that my chemical instruments should be packed to go with me (149). Frankenstein also has a penchant for working alone; like Dr. Jekyll, he is emotionally detached from a society that expects him to fulfill various obligations, and he accordingly responds with physical detachment.Both Hyde and the Creature cho ose children for their first victims. According to an eyewitness, Hyde trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the groundHe was perfectly cool and made no resistance, but gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running (4-5). Hyde is a deformed character who evokes horror and disgust in those who contact him. He lashes out in this seemingly chance encounter, but his trampling a childs body, a figure of innocence that would find his scarred visage doubly repugnant, is indicative of his deep-rooted discontentment with his environment and his own psyche. The reaction he provokes from the crowd confirms his masochistic tendencies. As an eyewitness reports, I never saw a circle of such hateful faces; and there was the man in the middle, with a kind of black, sneering coolness-frightened too, I could see that-but carrying it off, sir, really like Satan (5). The very name Hyde serves a double meaning: both a haven, a hyde where the up standing Jekyll can sequester himself, and an animals skin. Hyde is incredibly animalistic; simian elements are conjured up when he is described in a later confrontation: Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot and hailing down a storm of blows (27). Words like bounds, clubbed, earth, ape-like, and storm all reinforce the readers idea of Hyde being a thoroughly primitive savage, and the repetition of trampling serves as an excellent mini-motif. Though Hyde tramples his victims, has he not been trampled in the same way by the oppressive society that condemns him at a glance?The Creature murders Frankensteins younger brother, but he, too, is driven to that course of action by a society that scorns him. The Creature spies on a family in the wilderness and learns human language, customs, and history. He resembles nothing so much as a child or prehistoric man in these episodes, first disc overing fire, then bits of language, and finally emotion. He confronts the elderly father of the family and predicts his fate if he is not taken in by them: I am full of fears, for if I fail there, I am an outcast in the world forever (129). Fulfilling his prophesy, the rest of the family barges in: Who can describe their horror and consternation upon beholding me? (131) The Creatures status as pariah differs in one major respect from Hydes; though they both possess loathsome appearances, the Creatures soul, at the beginning of his life, at least, is as pure as could be hoped for, while Hydes black heart shows in his face.Both Hyde and Creature turn more vicious and more reactive to society. Hydes second incident is the murder of an aged beautiful gentleman with white hair, precisely what he can never hope to be (26). Hyde uses a stick to club his victim to death: The stick with which the deed had been done, although it was of some rare and very tough and heavy wood, had broken in the middle under the stress of this insensate cruelty; and one splintered half had rolled in the neighbouring gutter-the other, without doubt, had been carried away by the murderer (28). The broken stick, a gift from Utterson to Jekyll, further emphasizes the duality of mans nature, and half of its destination, the gutter, outlines Stevensons view of that nature. As Jekyll confesses, I was the first that could plod in the public eye with a load of genial respectability, and in a moment, like a schoolboy, strip off these lendings and spring headlong into the sea of liberty. But for me, in my impenetrable mantle, the safety was complete. Think of it-I did not even exist! (86) Hyde has fully broken through and exhausted his rage on the society of Sir Danvers Carew; he has evolved from a forum for naughty pleasures to a minor terrorist of children to a full-fledged murderer. He acts out Jekylls own dark nature, perverting the stick, a gift that once symbolized a societal bond, i nto a weapon that tears apart its environment.The Creature continues a string of murders of Frankensteins family. Frankensteins reaction to the murder of his friend Clerval reveals that he, too, perhaps had this evil side that he could not act upon: Have my murderous machinations deprived you also, my dearest Henry, of life? Two I have already destroyed; other victims await their destiny: but you, Clerval, my friend, my benefactor- (171) Though this speech could be read as Frankensteins first assumption of guilt, indirect as it may be, one could also analyze it as an admission that he has been behind every murder from the inception. He is not as aware as Jekyll is of his own lust for evil, but his monstrous side shows up in his isolationist dealings and his God-complex that reveals his desire for a new society.Hyde and the Creatures plights follow similar paths, but their motives seem somewhat different. Jekyll invented Hyde for a dive in which he could transport himself and put on display his evil psyche. Frankenstein assembled the Creature as an à ¼ber-man of sorts, a prototype of a better society. Frankenstein was published in 1818, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886. Perhaps Stevensons book marks the end of Romanticism as a viable literary style in modern times. Though Frankensteins evil hides is veiled by guilt and a seemingly upstanding society position, Jekylls is visibly apparent. Frankenstein is a shaded man with no clear dividing line, whereas Jekyll is a black-and-white character with a subset of colors inside his dichotomies. Stevenson, drawing on Shelleys story, reflected both a new literary movement and a new psychological study.

Green Ash Tree Facts, Identification, and Management

Green ash will reach a height of about 60 feet with a spread of 45 feet. Upright main branches bear twigs which droop toward the ground then bend upward at their tips much like Basswood. The glossy dark green foliage will turn yellow in the fall, but the color is often muted in the south. There is a good seed-set annually on female trees which are used by many birds but some consider the seeds to be messy. This fast-growing tree will adapt to many different landscape conditions and can be grown on wet or dry sites, preferring moist. Some cities have over-planted green ash. Specifics of the Green Ash Scientific name: Fraxinus pennsylvanicaPronunciation: FRACK-sih-nus pen-sill-VAN-ih-kuhCommon name(s): Green AshFamily: OleaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3 through 9AOrigin: Native to North AmericaUses: Large parking lot islands; wide tree lawns; recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; reclamation plant; shade tree;Availability: Generally available in many areas within its hardiness range. Native Range Green ash extends from Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta; south through central Montana, northeastern Wyoming, to southeastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. Description Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape, entire leaf is 6 to 9 inches long, green above and glabrous to silky-pubescent below. Crown uniformity: Symmetrical canopy with a regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more or less identical crown forms. Trunk/bark/branches:  Grow mostly upright and will not droop; not particularly showy; should be grown with a single leader; no thorns. Breakage:  Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break. Flower and Fruit Flower: Dioecious; light green to purplish, both sexes lacking petals, females occurring in loose panicles, males in tighter clusters, appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit: A single-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin seed cavity, maturing in autumn and dispersing over winter. Special Uses Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also a favorite tree used in city and yard landscapes. Several Green Ash Hybrids ‘Marshall Seedless’- some seeds, yellow fall color, fewer insect problems,; ‘Patmore’ - excellent street tree, straight trunk, good yellow fall color, seedless; ‘Summit’ - female, yellow fall color, straight trunk but pruning required to develop strong structure, abundant seeds, and flower galls can be a nuisance; ‘Cimmaron’ is a new plant (USDA hardiness zone 3) reported to have a strong trunk, good lateral branching habit, and tolerance to salt. Damaging Pests Borers: Common on Ash and they can kill trees. The most common borers infesting Ash are Ash borer, lilac borer, and carpenterworm. Ash borer bores into the trunk at or near the soil line causing tree dieback. Anthracnose: also called leaf scorch and leaf spot. Infected parts of the leaves turn brown, especially along the margins. Infected leaves fall prematurely. Rake up and destroy infected leaves. Chemical controls are not practical or economical on large trees. Trees in the south can be severely affected. The Most Widely Distributed   Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), also called red ash, swamp ash, and water ash  is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes. Naturally a moist bottomland or stream bank tree, it is hardy to climatic extremes and has been widely planted in the Plains States and Canada. The commercial supply is mostly in the South. Green ash is similar in property to white ash and they are marketed together as white ash. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife. Due to its good form and resistance to insects and disease, it is a very popular ornamental tree.

Fast Food Industry By Eric Schlosser - 3535 Words

Estrella Introduction 1. Eric Schlosser chose the topic of fast food industry because he became quite inspired after reading an article about illegal immigrants in a strawberry field and how they a suffered in the process. The article was based on an investigation that was placed on the fields while they worked. It was also based on the immense impact that this industry had on society. Schlosser wanted to as said in his book â€Å"shed light† to the world on how successful hard working industry works. Also the way American industries portray and work in the diligent industry throughout the years . Since the fast food restaurants are known as one of the most active businesses which makes them a perfect example of what he was trying to convey. 2. â€Å"The Jungle’s† effect on both Theodore Roosevelt and the meatpacking industry due to the fact that it was concentrated on the lives of immigrants which was very impactful at the time. Many of which were going through unsanitary conditions as well as health violations . It also portrayed the lack of social help in which no one was doing anything to help those workers. Fast Food Nation hasn t impacted as much because of how enormously Fast Food is a part of the world.As said in the book purchasing fast food has been a part of life that is almost 1st nature to Americans and those who expirience fast food daily , Because of this reforming fast food companies would be extremly difficult to do. 3. The Mcdonalds corporation is one of theShow MoreRelatedFast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesto make then at first glance. Eric Schlosser’s book Fast Food Nation delves deep into the intricate workings of the fast food industry to expose mistreatment and cruelty towards workers in the business, just as Upton Sinclair had done in the early 1900’s regarding the meat packing industry. Schlosser is able to bring light to the darkness behind the All-American meal through extensive research and personal confrontations of which he has high regards for. Fast Food Nation is a good literary nonfictionRead MoreSection 1: Typically, we need a well-balanced meal to give us the energy to do day-to-day tasks and700 Words   |  3 Pagestime to cook. People rely on fast food, because it’s quicker and always very convenient for full-time workers or anyone in general who just want a quick meal. Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation argues that Americans should change their nutritional behaviors. In his book, Schlosser inspects the social and economic penalties of the processes of one specific section of the American food system: the fast food industry. Schlosser details the stages of the fast food production process, like theRead MoreFast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser865 Words   |  4 Pagesspent on food to support a family. In the book Fast Food Nation, by Eric Schlosser he talks about how fast food affects American Society. He talks about how much money is spent on fast food, which is $110 billion dollars. Eric Schlosser sa ys that many Americans spend more money on fast food then they do on cars and education. He mentions many food companies such as McDonalds, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut and how it can be â€Å"the world’s largest provider of death care services†.(Schlosser 5) In Fast Food NationRead MoreEssay on Challenging Beliefs in Schlossers Fast Food Nation544 Words   |  3 PagesIn his thought-provoking book, Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser argues that Americas fast food franchises have played a major role in contributing to the obesity and ill health of Americans. This paper shows how Schlosser argues that fast food has contributed to uncontrolled development, negatively impacted American culture, and have had a largely negative impact. The effects of Fast Food Nation on American society and politics show that Schlossers thesis is largely convincing, due to both hisRead MoreEssay An Analysis of Eric Schlossers Fast Food Nation1154 Words   |  5 PagesNew York Times bestseller Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal is one of the most riveting books to come out about fast food restaurants to date (Schlosser, 2004). Fast food consumption has become a way of life for many in the United States as well as many other countries in the world. The author Eric Schlosser an investigative reporter whose impeccable researching and bold interviewing captures the true essence of the immense impact that fast food restaurants are having in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Schlosser s Why The Fries Taste Good 1092 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Chocolate Factory, I had always dreamed of one day visiting the factory. I am sure most children my age would agree with this dream. For Eric Schlosser, this dream became a reality, but it was not exactly the reality he was hoping for. In Eric Schlosser’s article, â€Å"Why the Fries Taste Good,† he talks much about processed food and the flavors of food, especially McDonald’s french fries. He vis ited the International Flavors Fragrances factory (IFF), reminding him much of the factory in WillyRead MoreFast Food Nation1487 Words   |  6 PagesChanging of the Food Industry â€Å"In many respects, the fast food industry embodies the best and worst of American capitalism at the start of the twenty-first century – its constant stream of new products and innovations, its widening gulf between gulf between rich and poor† (Schlosser 6). In 2001 Eric Schlosser published â€Å"Fast Food Nation.† Eric Schlosser’s early 21st century muckraking text, â€Å"Fast Food Nation,† attempts to shed light on the consequences of the fast food industry on American societyRead MoreFast Food Nation Research Paper1442 Words   |  6 Pagesis in your fast food might make you think twice the next time you devour it. As the rise of the fast food nation in America has increased to an all-time high, so has the weight and waists of Americans all around the country. Not only has the United States grown to love the acquired taste of greasy golden fries and juicy burgers, it has also grown ignorant to the way their food is prepared. In the novel, à ¢â‚¬Å"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal†(2002), by Eric Schlosser, he makes compellingRead MoreFast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser1596 Words   |  7 Pagesby consumerism and big business. Companies selling cheap food and cheap goods are scattered across the nation in every state and town. This is Eric Schlosser’s main topic in his novel Fast Food Nation. From telling the start of the first fast food restaurants in America, to explaining how the food is made, Schlosser s covers the whole history of the world wide food phenomenon. Eric Schlosser is an American journalist and Author of Fast Food Nation. He was born in Manhattan, New York, but grew upRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: Undermining American Values1347 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew F. Smith once said, â€Å"Eating at fast food outlets and other restaurants is simply a manifestation of the commodification of time coupled with the relatively low value many Americans have placed on the food they eat†. In the non-fiction book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† by Eric Schlosser, the author had first-hand experiences on the aspects of fast food and conveyed that it has changed agriculture that we today did not have noticed. We eat fast food everyday and it has become an addiction that regards

Europeans in Jamaica free essay sample

When did they come? Jamaica was first colonized by a native group of South American origin who, in the early history of Jamaica, called their home a paradise of wood and water. The Arawak were there to greet Christopher Columbus when he arrived in Jamaica in 1494, beginning a long period of European colonization there. The history of Jamaica as a European outpost saw the island under Spanish rule for 150 years, during which the city now known as Spanish Town was established and flourished as the colonys economic hub. In the 1650s, Jamaica was captured by the British. Despite turning Jamaica into a profitable colony, continued harassment by a group of ex-slaves brought over throughout the Spanish period and set free during their retreat and their descendants dogged the British until they relented and granted emancipation to all remaining plantation laborers in 1838. The Maroons, as this small army was known, are still revered today as some of the most brave and noble figures in the history of Jamaica. Why did they come? On May 10, 1655, an English expedition, commanded by Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables, landed at the present-day coastal town of Passage Fort, in the southeastern parish of Saint Catherine. This expedition, which had failed to capture Hispaniola, proceeded to claim the island of Jamaica for England. At the time of the English conquest, the Spaniards were unable to effectively resist the invasion because only about 500 of them were armed with weapons. The English ordered the Spanish colonists to deliver all of their slaves and goods and leave the island. Some followed these orders, but a group led by Don Cristabal Arnaldo de Isasi remained and put up guerrilla resistance to the English. Isasi freed the slaves, many of whom retreated with the Spanish rebels into the hills. From there, the Spanish and the freed blacks who had joined them frequently raided and waged guerrilla warfare on English settlements. Isasi, finally overwhelmed by English forces, fled to Cuba for reinforcement. Some of the blacks who had fought with Isasi, recognizing that the Spanish case was lost, defected to the English. A black regiment fighting for the English, led by the former slave Juan de Bolas, proved a decisive factor in the final defeat of the Spanish, marked by Isasis retreat in 1660. How did they colonize? Jamaicas English-appointed governor Edward DOyley compensated the black regiment by officially recognizing their freedom and granting them landholdings. Other formerly Spanish-owned slaves remained autonomous of the colonial administration, living in their own communities as maroons. Spain officially ceded the island to England under the Treaty of Madrid in 1670. The English established a representative system of government, giving white settlers the power to make their own laws through an elected House of Assembly, which acted as a legislative body. The Legislative Council, whose members were appointed by the governor, served an advisory function and took part in legislative debates. This system lasted until it was replaced in 1866 by the crown colony system of government, which stripped the island elite of most of its political power. What changes did they make? The English encouraged permanent settlement through generous land grants. In 1664 Sir Thomas Modyford, a sugar plantation and slave owner in Barbados (a Caribbean island of the Lesser Antilles chain), was appointed governor of Jamaica. He brought 1,000 English settlers and black slaves with him from Barbados. Modyford immediately encouraged plantation agriculture, especially the cultivation of cacao and sugarcane. By the early 1700s sugar estates worked by black slaves were established throughout the island, and sugar and its by-products dominated the economy. Other economic activities, including livestock rearing and the cultivation of coffee and pimento (allspice), developed as well. With the establishment of the plantation system, the slave trade grew. Slaves of both genders and every age were found in all facets of the islands economy, in both rural and urban areas. They were laborers on plantations, domestic servants, and skilled artisans (tradesmen, technicians, and itinerant traders). The wealth created in Jamaica by the labor of black slaves has been estimated at ? 18,000,000, more than half of he estimated total of ? 30,000,000 for the entire British West Indies. It has been postulated that the profit generated by the triangular trade (involving sugar and tropical produce from the British Caribbean colonies, the trade in manufactured goods for slaves in Africa, and the trade of slaves in the British Caribbean) financed the Industrial Revolution in Britain. More than 1 million slaves are estimated to have been transported directly from Africa to Jamaica during the period of slavery; of these, 200,000 were reexported to other places in the Americas. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Akan, Ga, and Adangbe from the northwestern coastal region known as the Gold Coast (around modern Ghana) dominated the slave trade to the island. Not until 1776 did slaves imported from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the Bight of Biafra (southern modern Nigeria) and Kongos from Central Africa-outnumber slaves from the Gold Coast. But slaves from these regions represented 46 percent of the total number of slaves. The demand for slaves required about 10,000 to be imported annually. Thus slaves born in Africa far outnumbered those who were born in Jamaica; on average they constituted more than 80 percent of the slave population until Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807. When Britain abolished the institution of slavery in 1834, Jamaica had a population of more than 311,000 slaves and only about 16,700 whites. By the mid-1700s planters were distributing small plots of marginal land to their slaves, both men and women, as a way to offset the cost of providing food. However, the slaves were expected to tend their own crops only during their limited free time. Although slaves were not allotted much time to work the plots, they were able to produce enough not only for their own subsistence but also for sale. A vibrant marketing network developed among the slaves throughout the island, creating what is referred to as a proto-peasantry. In the British mind, slaves were no more than property and merchandise to be bought and sold. On this premise, the British enacted a whole system of slave laws aimed primarily at policing slaves. In general, the premise that slaves were no more than property allowed slave owners to treat them brutally. The severity of this brutality varied. Slaves on large sugar estates generally suffered the harshest punishments, while those on smaller estates and in towns received somewhat better treatment. Colonialism The history of Jamaica is crucial to understanding the country’s current situation. Many of the problems today are results of neocolonial forces. The roots of such concerns can be found within the country’s long legacy of colonialism extending 300 years in length before reaching independence. Jamaica was the meeting place of two expropriate populations: the Britisher uprooting himself in search of quick wealth through sugar; and the African uprooted by force from his environment to supply slave labor upon which his owner’s dream of wealth depended† (Manley, 1975: 12). In 1494 Christopher Columbus arrived on the island to be followed by his son, Diego, in 1509. Diego Columbus sent a delegation to the island thus supporting Spanish control in Jamaica until 1660. During the reign of the Spanish the colonizers managed to wipe out the entire population of native Arawaks, comprised of 60,000 people. The Spanish had imported some slaves from Africa during this time but developed little of the island. Profound development began in 1660 when, after a five-year struggle against the Spanish crown, the British won power. There was a significant rise in population under British control. Their system allowed the colony to prosper as they gave new European settlers land to cultivate sugar cane and cocoa. â€Å"The European planter has been described as a machine for making money† (Waters, 1985: 22). The purpose of this colonial economic system was to provide raw materials and goods for the Mother Country. In addition, a general consumer market was developed to send wealth to Europe and allow for capital accumulation, all for the benefit of the colonizers. Slavery represents an important part of Jamaican history and the cultivated dominant atmosphere. For one, plantations highly depended on slave labor to maximize profit margins. Between 1655 and 1808 one million slaves were forcefully brought to Jamaica (Waters, 1985: 21-23). Persaud (2001: 72) suggests, â€Å"the plantation system, the totality of institutional arrangements surrounding the production and marketing of plantation crops, has seriously affected society in Jamaica†. In other words, the slave mode of production was a crucial factor in the establishment of Jamaica’s structural society. â€Å"Jamaica’s class structure today reflects its history as a colonial plantation society and its beginnings of industrial development characterized by a high rate of inequality and poverty